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Standard Property DSCR — enter income, expenses, and loan details. Used for commercial and agency-style multifamily loans.
Income
Total annual rent from all units (pre-vacancy, pre-expense)
Annual Operating Expenses
Expense entry mode
Excludes mortgage payments. Rule of thumb: 35–50% of EGI.
Financing
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The DSCR calculator helps estimate whether a property's income may cover its debt service under selected loan assumptions. DSCR is commonly used in investment-property underwriting, but it is only one part of lender review.
The calculator supports Property DSCR, DSCR Loan, Find Max Loan Amount, and Find Required NOI workflows. Results include current-rate DSCR and stressed DSCR scenarios, which can help users understand how rate changes may affect debt coverage.
Meeting a DSCR threshold does not guarantee loan approval or specific terms. Lenders may also review borrower profile, reserves, credit, experience, property condition, occupancy, market, loan size, appraisal, and program-specific guidelines.
Important: DSCR Is a Lender Metric, Not an Approval Guarantee
DSCR is an underwriting screen, not a complete loan decision. A property may meet a DSCR threshold and still require further review based on borrower profile, reserves, credit, sponsor experience, occupancy, property condition, appraisal, market risk, loan size, and lender-specific requirements. This calculator provides educational estimates for pre-screening and scenario comparison. Always verify the calculation method, NOI treatment, reserve requirements, stress-test assumptions, and minimum thresholds with the specific lender or loan program.
Overview
This DSCR calculator helps estimate debt service coverage for income-producing real estate. It supports two common underwriting conventions: Property DSCR, which compares annual NOI to annual debt service, and DSCR Loan DSCR, which compares monthly rent to monthly PITIA for certain non-QM investor loan products.
The tool also includes reverse workflows for estimating maximum supportable loan amount and required NOI under selected assumptions. These outputs are useful for pre-screening, debt sizing, refinance analysis, stress testing, and comparing lender scenarios.
DSCR is not an investor return metric. It does not measure appreciation, principal paydown, tax benefits, cash-on-cash return, or total return. For full deal analysis, DSCR should be reviewed together with NOI, cap rate, cash-on-cash return, LTV, reserves, exit assumptions, and property-level due diligence.
All rate, LTV, and threshold examples on this page should be treated as underwriting assumptions, not guaranteed loan terms or universal lender requirements.
1.25x
Common agency-style reference threshold
The most common qualifying threshold for agency multifamily
1.00x
Break-even coverage reference
DSCR loan floor — break-even coverage with no cushion
1.50x+
Excellent tier
Stronger coverage cushion under selected assumptions
How to Use the DSCR Calculator
Follow these steps to estimate debt service coverage for an income-producing property and compare scenarios before deeper underwriting.
Choose Property DSCR or DSCR Loan mode
Select Property DSCR for commercial or agency-style loans — it uses Annual NOI ÷ Annual Debt Service. Select DSCR Loan for non-QM investor loans — it uses Monthly Rent ÷ Monthly PITIA. The calculator also offers two reverse modes: Find Max Loan Amount and Find Required NOI, both within the Property DSCR framework.
Enter income and expense data
Use actual operating history where available. Keep pro forma scenarios separate from current DSCR.
Enter loan details
Enter loan assumptions from a current lender quote or term sheet when available. If using example rates, label them as assumptions.
Review DSCR + stress test
The calculator shows your DSCR at the current rate, plus stressed DSCR at +1% and +2%. Lenders actually underwrite to stressed rates — a deal that is 1.25x today but falls to 1.05x at +1% stress will receive pricing bumps, LTV restrictions, or denial from conservative underwriters. Always review the full stress picture.
Match to loan programs via Lender Context panel
Use the lender context only as a reference. Actual thresholds vary by lender, program, property type, borrower profile, and market.
Pro Tips
- → Use actual operating history where available, and keep pro forma scenarios separate from current DSCR.
- → Confirm whether the lender uses Property DSCR or DSCR Loan DSCR. The formulas are different and should not be compared as identical metrics.
- → Review DSCR at the current rate and under stress scenarios so the coverage cushion is visible.
- → Do not confuse DSCR with cap rate or cash-on-cash return. DSCR measures income coverage for debt; cap rate measures unlevered asset yield; cash-on-cash measures investor cash yield.
- → Ask the lender how replacement reserves, vacancy, management fees, taxes, insurance, and borrower-paid expenses are treated in NOI.
- → Use reverse modes as sizing references, not as loan approval guarantees.
How to Read Your DSCR Result
≥ 1.50x
A DSCR of 1.50x or higher indicates a larger cushion between NOI and debt service under the selected assumptions. It may be viewed favorably in underwriting, but it does not guarantee approval, pricing, leverage, or loan terms.
1.25x–1.49x
A DSCR between 1.25x and 1.49x is commonly used as a reference range in many stabilized multifamily and commercial underwriting contexts. Actual requirements vary by lender, program, property type, market, and loan structure.
1.15x–1.24x
A DSCR between 1.15x and 1.24x may still be usable in some loan programs, but it usually requires closer review of reserves, LTV, NOI quality, stress tests, and lender-specific rules.
1.00x–1.14x
A DSCR between 1.00x and 1.14x means the property is near break-even debt coverage. This may require lower leverage, stronger reserves, higher NOI, different financing, or a program designed for thinner coverage.
< 1.00x
A DSCR below 1.00x means NOI is lower than annual debt service under the selected assumptions. This usually requires closer review of price, loan amount, rate, amortization, income, expenses, and strategy.
Inputs & Outputs — Field Reference
What each field means and where lenders source the numbers.
Property DSCR Mode Fields
| Field | What it means | Where to find it |
|---|---|---|
| Gross Rental Income | Total annual rent from all units before any deductions | Rent roll, T-12 operating statement, broker OM |
| Vacancy Rate | Expected percentage of units unoccupied or not paying rent | Historical T-12, local market data, market comp surveys |
| Other Income | Laundry, parking, storage, pet fees, utility reimbursements | T-12 statement, lease addenda |
| Operating Expenses | All property expenses except mortgage: taxes, insurance, management, maintenance, utilities | T-12 actuals — not pro forma; lender will verify |
| Loan Amount | Borrowed amount or computed from purchase price × (1 − down payment %) | Purchase contract, lender LOI, or LTV calculation |
| Interest Rate | Annual interest rate on the loan (2026 typical: 7.5–8%) | Lender quote or term sheet |
| Loan Term | Amortization period — typically 30 years for agency multifamily | Loan product specs — use 30yr even for 10yr balloon |
DSCR Loan Mode Fields
| Field | What it means | Where to find it |
|---|---|---|
| Monthly Rent | Current monthly gross rent from lease or market estimate | Current lease, rent comps, a local rent survey, local market data |
| Monthly Property Tax | Monthly property tax obligation (annual bill ÷ 12) | County records, tax bill, title report |
| Monthly Insurance | Hazard insurance premium (annual policy ÷ 12) | Insurance quote, existing policy |
| Monthly HOA | Homeowners Association fee if applicable | HOA disclosure, purchase contract |
| Monthly Association | Condo or PUD association fee if separate from HOA | Condo docs, association statement |
| Loan Amount + Rate | P&I is auto-calculated — no manual override to prevent conflicting inputs | Lender quote; P&I computed via standard amortization |
Outputs
| Output | What it means | Primary use |
|---|---|---|
| DSCR (current rate) | Ratio of income to debt service at the specified rate | Match to lender program thresholds (1.25x, 1.15x, 1.00x) |
| Stressed DSCR +1% | DSCR recalculated with interest rate 1% higher | Lender stress test — primary resilience indicator |
| Stressed DSCR +2% | DSCR recalculated with interest rate 2% higher | Conservative underwriting stress — extreme scenario |
| Max Loan at 1.25x (Property) | Largest loan amount that achieves exactly 1.25x DSCR given current NOI | Know your borrowing ceiling before approaching lenders |
| Rent Cushion (DSCR Loan) | Monthly dollar difference between rent and total PITIA | Margin of safety in dollar terms for DSCR loan deals |
| Annual Debt Service | Total annual principal and interest payments on the loan | DSCR denominator; appears in sensitivity tables |
| Monthly Payment (P&I) | Auto-calculated principal and interest payment from loan amount, rate, and term | Cross-check lender quote; feeds PITIA in DSCR Loan mode |
| EGI (Effective Gross Income) | Gross rental income minus vacancy loss plus other income | NOI numerator starting point; used by agency underwriters |
| LTV % | Loan-to-value ratio derived from loan amount and purchase price | Verify deal is within program LTV limits (70–80% for most products) |
DSCR Formula & Calculation Method
Two formulas for two products — plus a real Atlanta, GA multifamily example.
Property DSCR (Commercial / Agency)
Gross Rental Income
− Vacancy Loss
+ Other Income
= Effective Gross Income (EGI)
− Operating Expenses
= Net Operating Income (NOI)
÷ Annual Debt Service (P&I × 12)
= DSCR (e.g. 1.25x)
DSCR Loan (Non-QM Investor Loans)
PITIA = P&I + Taxes + Insurance + HOA + Association
P&I: auto-calculated from loan inputs
Taxes: current bill ÷ 12
Insurance: monthly premium
HOA / Association: if applicable
Note: Operating expenses (management, maintenance) are NOT included — DSCR Loan uses gross rent vs total housing payment only.
The example below uses an Atlanta-style multifamily scenario to show how the DSCR calculation works. It is a modeled example only, not a statement that Atlanta properties generally produce this DSCR or that a lender would approve the loan.
Step-by-Step Calculation
Interpretation
Under these assumptions, the property produces a 1.30x DSCR. The +1% stress scenario lowers DSCR to 1.19x, which shows that the coverage cushion narrows if debt-service assumptions change. This result should be verified against actual NOI, lender debt-service calculations, reserve treatment, occupancy, property condition, appraisal, and program-specific guidelines.
1.30x
Property DSCR — modeled example
Stressed +1%: 1.19x
Property DSCR and DSCR Loan DSCR are different underwriting conventions. Property DSCR uses NOI after operating expenses and compares it with annual debt service. DSCR Loan DSCR often compares monthly rent with monthly PITIA. These outputs should not be treated as identical metrics.
What Is Debt Service Coverage Ratio?
Debt Service Coverage Ratio, or DSCR, measures how many times a property's income covers its debt service. For Property DSCR, the basic formula is:
A DSCR of 1.25x means the property generates $1.25 of NOI for every $1.00 of annual debt service under the selected assumptions.
DSCR is commonly used in income-property underwriting because it helps lenders and investors evaluate debt coverage. However, it is not a full investment return metric and it does not guarantee loan approval. Lenders may adjust NOI, apply reserve requirements, stress interest rates, limit LTV, or use different formulas depending on the loan program.
For non-QM DSCR Loan products, some lenders use a simplified convention: DSCR Loan DSCR = Monthly Rent ÷ Monthly PITIA. Because this method differs from Property DSCR, users should confirm which formula applies before comparing results.
What Your DSCR Result Means
Your DSCR result shows estimated income coverage under the assumptions entered into the calculator. It should be read as a screening metric, not as a lender decision. The ranges below are reference bands for interpreting debt coverage. They are not universal approval rules and should be verified against lender-specific guidelines.
1.50x or higher
A DSCR of 1.50x or higher indicates a larger cushion between NOI and debt service under the selected assumptions. It may be viewed favorably in underwriting, but it does not guarantee approval, pricing, leverage, or loan terms.
1.25x–1.49x
A DSCR between 1.25x and 1.49x is commonly used as a reference range in many stabilized multifamily and commercial underwriting contexts. Actual requirements vary by lender, program, property type, market, and loan structure.
1.15x–1.24x
A DSCR between 1.15x and 1.24x may still be usable in some loan programs, but it usually requires closer review of reserves, LTV, NOI quality, stress tests, and lender-specific rules.
1.00x–1.14x
A DSCR between 1.00x and 1.14x means the property is near break-even debt coverage. This may require lower leverage, stronger reserves, higher NOI, different financing, or a program designed for thinner coverage.
Below 1.00x
A DSCR below 1.00x means NOI is lower than annual debt service under the selected assumptions. This usually requires closer review of price, loan amount, rate, amortization, income, expenses, and strategy.
Why DSCR Is Calibrated to 2026, Not 2018
Historical DSCR benchmarks assumed rates of 4–5%. In 2026, investment property rates sit around 7.5–8%, materially compressing DSCR. The same Atlanta 12-unit that showed 1.40x DSCR in 2018 at 4.5% rate would show approximately 1.05x–1.10x in 2026 at 7.5% rate on the same NOI and LTV. The common agency 1.25x reference threshold is unchanged — but many deals that cleared it easily in 2018 now require 60–65% LTV instead of 75% to maintain the same coverage. A 1.15x DSCR in 2026 is not a weak deal — it's a deal operating in a compressed rate environment, still meeting Fannie MAH affordable program thresholds. Calibrate your benchmarks to the current market, not pre-2022 comparisons.
Methodology & Assumptions
The DSCR ranges on this page are modeled underwriting references, not guaranteed outcomes, lender commitments, or official market-reported statistics.
Base assumptions used in modeled examples:
- Income-producing rental property
- Property DSCR calculated as annual NOI divided by annual debt service
- DSCR Loan mode calculated as monthly rent divided by monthly PITIA
- Recurring operating expenses included in NOI for Property DSCR
- Example loan assumptions may include selected rate, amortization, and LTV inputs
- Stress scenarios show DSCR sensitivity to higher interest-rate assumptions
- Taxes, insurance, vacancy, reserves, and NOI treatment may vary by lender and property
These references are for screening only. Users should replace all assumptions with actual T-12 operating statements, rent roll, lender quotes, term sheets, tax records, insurance quotes, appraisal assumptions, reserve requirements, and property-specific underwriting.
Modeled DSCR Ranges by Property Type
The ranges below are modeled underwriting references, not official market statistics or loan-program requirements. Actual DSCR varies materially by property, lender, market, borrower profile, loan product, NOI treatment, reserves, taxes, insurance, and underwriting adjustments.
By Property Type
| Property Type | Lower modeled range | Middle modeled range | Higher modeled range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single-Family Rental (SFR) | 1.00–1.15x | 1.15–1.25x | 1.25–1.40x |
| Small Multifamily (2–4 units) | 1.05–1.20x | 1.20–1.30x | 1.30–1.45x |
| Multifamily 5+ Units | 1.15–1.25x | 1.25–1.35x | 1.35–1.50x |
| Retail / Strip Center | 1.20–1.30x | 1.30–1.45x | 1.45–1.60x |
| Industrial / Warehouse | 1.25–1.40x | 1.40–1.60x | 1.50–1.75x |
| Office | 1.15–1.25x | 1.25–1.40x | 1.40–1.55x |
By State — Modeled Residential DSCR Ranges
The state ranges below are modeled residential underwriting examples. They are not official state-level DSCR statistics. Actual DSCR varies by city, neighborhood, property type, property tax, insurance, rent, vacancy, repairs, operating expenses, reserves, loan terms, and lender-specific NOI adjustments.
California
1.00x–1.15x
High purchase prices and low cap rates compress DSCR severely. Coastal CA deals often need 30%+ equity (65–70% LTV) to reach 1.25x. Property taxes are relatively low under Prop 13, but wildfire insurance costs are rising.
Texas
1.15x–1.30x
High property taxes (2–2.5% effective rates) are the primary modeled DSCR drag. New supply in Austin and Dallas is keeping cap rates elevated. SFR and small MF in secondary TX metros show wider modeled DSCR ranges.
Florida
1.10x–1.25x
Hurricane and flood insurance costs are the dominant DSCR drag — some South Florida coastal properties face $8,000–$20,000+/yr in insurance. Strong rent growth in Tampa and Orlando partially offsets this pressure.
New York
1.00x–1.15x
Rent stabilization limits rent growth in NYC multifamily, while high property taxes compress NOI. Upstate NY markets (Buffalo, Rochester) show wider DSCR ranges. NYC boroughs routinely show sub-1.15x on stabilized multifamily.
Arizona
1.15x–1.30x
Phoenix and Scottsdale have absorbed significant new supply through 2023–2025, moderating rent growth. Property taxes are moderate. Strong economic growth supports DSCR at or above the 1.25x threshold for quality properties.
Georgia
1.20x–1.35x
Atlanta modeled DSCR reflects moderate property taxes and growing rents. Savannah and suburban Atlanta markets show slightly tighter modeled numbers. Actual results vary by property and lender.
Colorado
1.10x–1.25x
Denver's high purchase prices and growing insurance costs (hail, wildfire) compress DSCR toward the 1.15–1.20x range. Colorado Springs and secondary CO markets show stronger coverage.
Washington
1.10x–1.25x
Seattle's high prices drive tight modeled DSCR similar to California coastal markets. Eastern WA (Spokane, Tri-Cities) shows wider modeled DSCR ranges. Rent growth in tech corridors helps offset high prices.
Ohio
1.30x–1.50x
Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati show wider modeled DSCR ranges due to affordable prices relative to rents, moderate taxes, and low insurance costs. Actual DSCR varies by property, neighborhood, and lender.
Tennessee
1.20x–1.35x
Nashville rent growth has been strong but 2023–2025 new supply is moderating gains. Memphis and Knoxville show wider modeled DSCR ranges. Actual results vary by property and lender.
North Carolina
1.15x–1.30x
Charlotte and Raleigh have absorbed strong in-migration and rent growth. Property taxes are moderate and insurance is manageable outside coastal flood zones. DSCR ranges are competitive with Texas markets.
Indiana
1.35x–1.55x
Indianapolis shows wider modeled DSCR ranges due to lower property taxes, reasonable insurance, and favorable rent-to-price ratios. Secondary IN markets (Fort Wayne, South Bend) also show relatively wide modeled ranges. Actual DSCR varies by property and lender.
State income tax is not part of NOI and should not be used as a direct DSCR adjustment. These ranges are screening references only and should be replaced with property-specific operating data.
How Rate Assumptions Affect DSCR
The table below shows how DSCR changes when the same loan amount and NOI are tested under different interest-rate assumptions. These are example scenarios for sensitivity analysis, not predictions of market rates or lender terms.
| Rate Environment | Rate | Monthly P&I $1M loan, 30yr | DSCR $100K NOI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lower-rate example scenario | 4.5% | $5,067/mo | 1.64x |
| Mid-range example scenario | 6.5% | $6,321/mo | 1.32x |
| Example base-rate scenario | 7.5% | $6,992/mo | 1.19x |
| Higher-rate stress scenario | 8.5% | $7,689/mo | 1.08x |
Same $1M loan, $100K NOI — different DSCR outcomes purely based on rate assumption. This illustrates why DSCR comparisons should account for the interest-rate assumption used in each scenario.
When DSCR Matters Most
How DSCR fits into each major US real estate investment and lending context.
Agency-style multifamily underwriting often uses DSCR as one of several sizing constraints. However, thresholds, LTV limits, reserve requirements, amortization, NOI adjustments, and eligibility rules vary by program and should be verified with the lender.
Some investor loan products use monthly rent compared with PITIA rather than a full NOI calculation. This can make the DSCR Loan result different from Property DSCR on the same asset. Users should confirm which formula applies before relying on the result.
Commercial and CMBS lenders may use DSCR together with tenant quality, lease rollover, reserves, property type, market risk, sponsor profile, and appraisal assumptions. Exact thresholds vary by lender and asset class.
DSCR is useful for refinance analysis because higher debt-service costs can reduce coverage even when NOI is unchanged. Owners can use DSCR scenarios to evaluate whether a refinance may require lower leverage, higher NOI, additional equity, or a different loan structure.
Applications of DSCR Analysis
Loan Pre-Screening
DSCR can help pre-screen whether property income appears sufficient for a selected loan structure. If DSCR is thin, users can review loan amount, rate, amortization, NOI, reserves, or price before deeper underwriting.
Comparing DSCR Formulas
Property DSCR and DSCR Loan DSCR can produce different results because they use different formulas. Compare them only within the correct loan context.
Refinance Feasibility
DSCR can help evaluate how a refinance might look under current rate and loan assumptions. If DSCR falls below the target range, review NOI improvement, lower leverage, additional equity, or different financing.
Debt Sizing
Find Max Loan mode can estimate supportable loan amount under a selected DSCR target. This is a sizing reference and should be verified with lender-specific guidelines.
Stress Testing
Stress scenarios can show how DSCR changes if the interest rate assumption increases. This helps users understand coverage sensitivity before a lender or investor review.
Portfolio Review
Investors can compare DSCR across properties to identify which assets may need closer review before refinance, maturity, sale, or additional capital decisions.
Industry Context
DSCR is commonly used in investment-property underwriting to compare property income with debt service. Different lender types may use different DSCR formulas, minimum thresholds, LTV limits, stress tests, reserve requirements, NOI adjustments, and documentation standards.
Agency multifamily lenders, commercial lenders, portfolio lenders, bridge lenders, and non-QM investor loan programs may apply different rules. Users should confirm current requirements directly with the lender, broker, or loan program before relying on any threshold.
DSCR should be used as one underwriting input alongside NOI, LTV, cap rate, cash-on-cash return, reserves, borrower profile, property condition, occupancy, appraisal, and market risk.
Limitations of DSCR
DSCR is useful for debt coverage analysis, but it does not measure the full investment outcome.
Does Not Measure Investor Return
DSCR measures income coverage for debt service. It does not measure cash-on-cash return, total return, IRR, appreciation, tax effects, or equity growth.
Point-in-Time Metric
DSCR is usually based on current or Year 1 income and debt service. Value-add, lease-up, refinance, and transitional strategies may require separate current and stabilized scenarios.
Sensitive to Rate and Loan Terms
DSCR can change materially with interest rate, amortization, loan amount, reserve treatment, and lender-specific debt-service assumptions.
Depends on Input Quality
If NOI is overstated, expenses are understated, vacancy is ignored, or debt-service assumptions are unrealistic, DSCR can overstate the property's debt coverage.
When DSCR Should Not Be the Primary Metric
- All-cash purchases: DSCR does not apply when there is no debt service.
- Short-hold projects: IRR, resale value, project margin, and timing may matter more.
- Heavy value-add or lease-up: Current DSCR may not reflect the stabilized plan.
- Land or development: DSCR usually does not apply before the asset produces operating income.
Common Mistakes When Calculating DSCR
Confusing Property DSCR with DSCR Loan DSCR
Property DSCR uses NOI after operating expenses divided by annual debt service. DSCR Loan DSCR may use monthly rent divided by monthly PITIA. These formulas serve different underwriting contexts and should not be mixed.
Using Pro Forma NOI as Current NOI
Pro forma income can be useful for upside analysis, but current DSCR should be based on actual operating history where available.
Ignoring Stress Scenarios
A property may show acceptable DSCR at one rate assumption and weaker coverage under a higher-rate scenario. Stress testing helps show how sensitive the result is.
Treating a Threshold as Automatic Approval
Meeting a DSCR reference threshold does not guarantee loan approval. Lenders may also review borrower profile, reserves, property condition, appraisal, occupancy, market, loan size, and documentation.
Using Outdated Rate Assumptions
DSCR can change materially when rate assumptions change. Use current lender quotes or clearly labeled example assumptions.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a good DSCR for rental property?
A good DSCR depends on the lender, loan product, property type, market, borrower profile, reserves, and NOI quality. A stronger DSCR generally provides more debt-service cushion, while a thinner DSCR usually requires closer review. No single threshold guarantees approval or terms.
What is the difference between Property DSCR and DSCR Loan DSCR?
Property DSCR compares annual NOI with annual debt service. DSCR Loan DSCR may compare monthly rent with monthly PITIA for certain non-QM investor loan products. Because the formulas use different inputs, the results should not be treated as identical.
What is PITIA in a DSCR calculation?
PITIA usually means principal, interest, taxes, insurance, and association dues. In DSCR Loan calculations, monthly rent may be compared with monthly PITIA.
How do lenders stress test DSCR?
A DSCR stress test recalculates debt coverage under a higher interest-rate or debt-service assumption. This can show whether the property still has enough income cushion if loan terms change. Exact methods vary by lender.
Can I get a DSCR loan with less than 1.00x DSCR?
Some lenders may consider exceptions, but a DSCR below 1.00x means income is lower than debt service under the selected assumptions. That usually requires closer review of loan amount, reserves, pricing, property strength, borrower profile, and lender-specific rules.
Is a higher DSCR always better?
A higher DSCR usually means more debt-service cushion, but it does not automatically mean the investment is better. DSCR should be reviewed with other metrics including cash-on-cash return, cap rate, total return, and reserves.
Does DSCR include capital expenditures?
Property DSCR usually starts with NOI, and formal NOI often excludes major capital expenditures. However, some lenders may deduct replacement reserves or adjust NOI. Users should confirm how the lender treats reserves and capital needs.
Why did my DSCR drop when rates changed?
DSCR falls when annual debt service increases while NOI stays the same. Higher interest rates, shorter amortization, higher loan amount, or additional reserve requirements can reduce DSCR.